Micropropagation is used to reproduce many species of plants. Such as those that have been modified or modified. It is also used to provide enough plant-based crops for plants.
Stages
In short, the steps of micropropagation can be divided into 4 stages. Mother plant selection Repetition Roots. And adaptation Transfer the new plant to the ground
Mother plant selection
Micropropagation begins with the selection of plants to be distributed. The tissues of the plant are extracted from the plant in a sterile state. Clean sterile and fungicides are essential for the production of healthy plants. Once a plant has been selected by culture.
The collection of cultivated plants begins and depends on the type of tissue to be used. Which includes stem tips, anthers, leaves, pollen, and other plant tissues. The plant material is then sterilized more, usually with several stages of washing. With bleach and alcohol, and finally rinsed with clean water.
This small part of plant tissue, sometimes only one cell, is placed in the growth zone. Usually containing macro and micronutrients, water, and sucrose as a source of energy. And one or more regulators of plant growth. The Micropropagation medium is then coated with a gelling agent.
Such as agar, to form a gel that supports implantation during growth. Some plants grow in simple media. But others must complex media to grow. Plant tissues grow and divide into new tissues depending on the medium. For example, cytokinin-containing media is used to create shoots from plant secretions.
Repetition
Take samples of tissue produced. In the first phase and increase their volume. After the successful introduction and growth of plant tissue. The establishment phase is followed by repetition. With repeated cycles of this process. Depending on the type of tissue grown, recurrence.
Can involve different methods and media. If the mature plant is callus tissue, it can be placed in a blender and cut into smaller pieces. And regenerated in the same type of culture medium to grow more callus tissue. When tissues are grown as small plants called plantlets, hormones are often added.
That causes the plants to produce many small shoots. After many shoots are formed. These shoots are transferred to the root zone. With a high concentration of auxin \ cytokinin. After root growth, plantlets can be used for hardening.
Roots and adaptation
This phase includes the treatment of plants/shoots. That is produced to promote root growth and "resilience." It is done in vitro or a sterile “test tube”. "Strength" refers to the preparation of plants in a natural growth environment. Up to this point, plantlets have grown under “ideal” conditions.
Which are designed to encourage rapid growth. Due to the controlled nature of their ripeness, plantlets often. Do not have functional skin coverings. This puts them at greater risk for disease and less efficient water and energy. In vitro conditions have high humidity.
And plants grown under these conditions generally. Do not produce an active cuticle and a stoma that keeps the plant dry. Once removed from the culture. Plantlets need time to adjust to the natural environment.
Sturdy usually involves the gradual removal of plantlets from a place. With high humidity, low light, and a warm environment. To what can be considered a normal growing area for spoken species.
Method
Meristem culture
In the Meristem culture, the meristem. And primordia of a few lower leaves are placed in a suitable growing medium. when tempted to build a new meristem. These meristems are then separated and grow and multiply.
To produce plantlets the meristems. Are taken from their extension site and placed in the regenerative area. When a plant with long roots is produced after a few weeks, it can be transferred to the ground.
A disease-free plant can be produced in this way. The results of the experiment also suggest. That this technique can be used. To reproduce various plant species, e.g. Coconut, Strawberry, and Sugarcane.
Meristem
It contains undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating cells. Cells in the meristem can grow into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until. They separate and lose their ability to separate. Different plant cells are usually unable.
To differentiate or produce cells of a different type. Meristematic cells are not isolated or not completely separated. They are potent and capable of sustaining cell division. The division of meristematic cells provides new cells for growth. And tissue division as well as for the initiation of new organs.
Providing the basic structure of the plant body. Cells are small, nonexistent, or small vacuoles and the protoplasm fills the cell. A cell wall is a wall of very small cells. It is derived from the Greek word meridian, meaning distinctive. Recognizing its natural function. There are three types of meristematic tissue: apical, intercalary or basal, and lateral.
Cells in this area have the function of stem cells and are essential for the meristem. The rate of growth and development. The meristem conference is usually very different from those at the end.
Apical meristems
Apical meristems are completely separated in the plant. These divide into three types of primary qualifications. Basic meristems produce two types of secondary meristem. These second meristems are also known as lateral meristems. Because they are involved in lateral growth.
There are two types of apical meristem tissue: shoot apical meristem. Which produces organs such as leaves and flowers. And apical meristem roots, which provide essential cells for future root growth. SAM and RAM cells split.
And are considered unlimited because they do not have any defined end state. In that sense, meristematic cells are often compared to stem cells in animals. Which have similar behavior and function. Apical meristems when the number of layers varies depending on the type of plant.
The outer layer usually called the tunica layer is the corpus. In monocots, tunica determines the visible features of the leaf edge and hem. Corpus and tunica are the body's appearance as all plant cells from the meristems.
Apical meristems in two places: root. And stem plants have an apical meristem in the lower / middle parts of the plant. The type of meristem came about because it was in Arctic conditions.
Shoot apical meristems
Shoot apical meristems are the source of all the above-ground organs. Such as leaves and flowers. Cells at the apical meristem summit act as stem cells in the environment. Where they multiply.
And are attached to a separating leaf or flower primordia. The apical meristem of the shoot is the site of most embryogenesis in flowering plants. It is here that the first indications are that the development of history has emerged. One of these indications may be a loss of apical dominance.
And the release of dormant cells to develop as auxiliary shoot meristems. In some species in the axils of primordia near two or three near the apical dome. Sub-planning center. Cells of the initiator of organ initiation in the surrounding regions These four distinct areas are maintained by a sophisticated display system.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, interacting CLAVATA genes are needed to control. The size of a stem cell reservoir in a shoot apical meristem by controlling the level of cell division. CLV1 and CLV2 are predicted to form a receptor complex in which CLV3 is a ligand. CLV3 shares a specific homology with ESR proteins in corn.
And a short-acting 14 amino acid is stored between proteins. Proteins contain these storied regions in the CLE family of proteins. CLV1 has to interact with several cytoplasmic proteins involved in the signal flow.
For example, the CLV complex with a small Rho / Rac of GTPase-related proteins. These proteins may be between the CLV complex. And the mitogen-activated protein kinase. Which often plays a role in cascade expression. KAPP is a protein phosphatase associated with kinase with CLV1. KAPP to act as a negative control of CLV1 by deploying it.
Another important gene in the care of the plant meristem is WUSCHE. Which aims at CLV signing also to better CLV control. Thus creating a response loop.WUS in subcutaneous stem cells. And their presence prevents stem cell division. CLV1 cell division by suppressing WUS activity.
Outside the central region containing stem cells. WUS activity in shooting apical meristem to phytohormone cytokinin. Cytokinin activates histidine kinase and then phosphorylates histidine phosphotransfer proteins. Next, phosphate groups are transferred to two Arabidopsis reaction controls. Type B ARRS and type ARR.
Type-B ARRs act as transcription factors to activate gene expression down. The cytokinin stream, including A-ARRs. A-ARRs are like B-ARRs in the structure; but, A-ARRs. Do not contain the binding domains of DNA that B-ARRs. And are required to function as transcription factors.
Thus, A-ARRs do not contribute to the activation of transcripts. And in competition with phosphates from phosphotransfer proteins. They inhibit the activity of B-ARRs. In SAM, B-ARRs create WUS exposure that enables stem cell ownership. The WUS then suppressed the ARRs.
As a result, B-ARRs are no longer blocked. Resulting in further cytokinin signaling within the shoot apical meristem area. For all CLAVATA signatures, this system acts as a negative feedback loop. It incorporates two stem cells around an orderly structure called quiescent center cells.
And together they produce the majority of cells in the adult root. At its height, the root meristem is covered with a root cap, which protects and directs its growth path. Cells are extracted from the outer surface of the root canal.
Evidence suggests that QC keeps stem cells around by preventing their separation. With signals yet to be detected. This allows for the continuous supply of new cells in the meristem needed for roots to grow.
Recent findings suggest that QC can also serve. As a storage space for stem cells to compensate for any loss or damage. The roots of the apical meristem. And the tissue patterns begin to develop. In the embryo in the form of a primary root, with a new lateral primordium in the secondary root.
Intercalary meristem
In angiosperms, intercalary meristems originate from monocot stems below. The nodes and leaf blades. Horsetails and Welwitschia also show combined growth.
The intercalary meristems are capable of cell division and allow for rapid growth. And regeneration of many monocots. The intercalary meristems in the bamboo areas allow for rapid stem expansion.
While those under many grass leaves allow the damaged leaves to grow faster. This regeneration of the grass on the grass came about as a result of damage to the design of the predators.
Floral meristem
When the plants begin to flower. The apical meristem shoots are transformed into an inflorescence meristem. Which further produces a flower meristem, producing sepals, petals, stamens, and flower carpets. Unlike apical plant meristems.
And other efflorescence meristems, flower meristems cannot continue to grow. Their growth is limited to a flower of a certain size and form. The transition from shoot meristem. To floral meristem requires genetic floral meristem identity. Which defines both flower organs and results.
In the termination of stem cell production. AGAMOUS is a homeopathic gene that is needed to complete flowering. And is essential for the proper development of stamens and carpels. AG is required to prevent the conversion of flower meristems.
Into inflorescences that shoot the meristems. But it is a form of identity LEAFY and WUS and is restricted to the center of the flower meristem or two inner whorls. In this way, the identity of the flowers and the specification of the region is achieved. WUS enables AG to act in compliance.
With the second introduction of AG and LFY binds to nearby recognition sites. Once the AG is activated it suppresses the WUS exposure leading. To the termination of the meristem. Over the years, scientists have altered the beauty of flowers for economic reasons.
An example is the flexible tobacco plant "Maryland Mammoth". In 1936, the Swiss agricultural department conducted. Few scientific experiments on the plant. "Maryland Mammoth" is unique in that it grows faster than any other tobacco plant.
Apical dominance
Apical dominance is when one meristem hinders or inhibits. The growth of another meristem. As a result, the plant will have only one defined stem. In trees, for example, the tip of a large stem carries a prominent shoot meristem.
So, the trunk head grows and is not overgrown with branches. If the ruling meristem is terminated, one or more branch tips will take over. The branch will begin to grow and the new growth will be vertical. Over the years, a branch may begin to look like an extension of a larger stem.
Usually, several branches will show this behavior. After removal of the apical meristem, leading to tree growth. The method of apical rule is based on auxins, a type of plant growth control. These are produced in the apical meristem and are transported to the roots of the cambium.
When apical domination is complete. It prevents any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active. If the rule is incomplete, the separate branches will grow. Recent research on apical domination and branching control has been revealed.
A new family of plant hormones called strigolactones. These compounds have before been known to contribute to seed growth. And interaction with mycorrhizal fungi. And are now shown to be involved in branching inhibition.
Diversity in meristem architectures
SAM contains several stem cells that also produce lateral meristems. While the stem expands. It turns out that the method of controlling the stem cell number may be maintained by evolution. The CLAVATA CLV2 gene handles stem cell retention.
In Arabidopsis thaliana is related. To the genetic maize FASCIATED EAR 2 which is also involved in the same function. In rice, the FON1-FON2 system appears to have a close association. With the CLV signing system in Arabidopsis thaliana.
This study suggests stemming cell regulation and ownership. And classification may be the evolutionary mechanism in monocots, if not in angiosperms. Rice contains genes other than FON1-FON2. Which play a role in regulating stem cell numbers. This example emphasizes the new invention that occurs in the living world all the time.
Primary meristem
Apical meristems may be divided into three types primary meristem. Protoderm encircles the outside of the stem and grows into the epidermis. Procambium lies inside the protoderm. And grows into the primary xylem and primary phloem.
It also produces vascular cambium, as well as cork cambium, the second meristems. Coconut cambium also distinguishes between phelloderm and phellem, or cork. All three layers form the periderm. In the roots, procambium may also cause a pericycle.
Which produces lateral roots in eudicots. Ground meristem: grows into cortex and pith. These meristems are responsible for the basic growth or increase in height or height. Which was discovered by scientist Joseph D. Carr of North Carolina in 1943
Secondary meristem
There are two types of second meristems. These are also called lateral meristems. Because they surround the fixed stem of the plant and make it grow sideways. Vascular cambium, which produces the second xylem and the second phloem.
This is a process that can continue throughout the life of a plant. This is what makes wood grow on plants. Such plants are called arboraceous. This does not happen to plants that do not grow to the second stage. The Cork cambium, which forms the periderm, replaces the epidermis.
Interminate growth of meristem Although each plant grows according to a set of rules. Each new root and shoot meristem can continue to grow as long as it lives. In many plants, the meristematic growth may not be complete.
Making the whole condition of the plant unpredictable. This is growth. Prolonged growth leads to increased plant growth and organ formation. All plant organs are derived from endothelial cells in apical meristems. Allowed by cell proliferation and division.
The main growth is in the apical part of many plants. The growth of nitrogen fixation roots in legume plants. Such as soybeans and peas being cut or not restricted. Thus, soybeans and Lotus produce cut nodules. With a system of branched arteries around the infected center.
Generally, Rhizobium-infected cells have only a small vacuole. In contrast, nodules on peas, and clover. And Medicago is not limited, keeping an active meristem. What produces new Rhizobium infection cells? Mature areas are thus present in the nodule. Infected cells usually have a large vacuole. The vascular system of plants is branched and peripheral.
Cloning
Under ideal conditions, each shoot meristem can grow into a complete, new plant or clone. Such new plants can be planted by cutting the stem containing the apical meristem. But, root apical meristems are not constructed.
This cloning is called asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction. And is used in horticulture to produce many plants of the desired genotype. This process is also known as. Transplantation is another method of propagating plants.
They begin to produce roots or shoots from the second meristematic cambial cells. This explains why the basic 'wound' of cut shoots often facilitates root formation.
Induced meristems
Meristems can also be incorporated into the roots of vegetables. Such as soy, Lotus, pea, and Medicago after infection in the soil known as Rhizobia. An important signal factor. Is the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod factor.
Which is grafted into separate groups to allow for the specification of communication. -Lotus, Medicago, and soybeans. The regulation of nodule meristems uses. Long-term regulation is known as autoregulation of nodulation.
Which involves leaf-vascular tissue found in the LRR receptor. kinases, CLE peptide signaling. And KAPP interactions, like those observed in the CLV1,2,3 system. how this relates to other AON receptor kinases.
Callus culture
A callus is a mass of unpaired parenchymatous cells. When the tissues of a living plant are put into artificial growth. And other favorable conditions, a callus is formed. The growth of callus varies with the homogeneous levels of auxin. And Cytokinin can be altered.
The constant supply of this growth controls the cultural environment. The growth of the callus and its organogenesis or embryogenesis. Can be transferred to three different stages.
Phase I: Rapid production of callus after placing vessels in a traditional place. Stage II: The callus is transferred to other growth controls. That contains a medium to insert the limbs. Stage III: The new plant is exposed to the environment.
Advantages
Micropropagation has many advantages over traditional methods of crop distribution: The main advantage of micropropagation. Is the production of many clones of plants in each other. It can have a high level of fecundity.
Producing thousands of propagules. While conventional techniques may produce a small fraction of this number. It is the only effective way to reproduce cells. Change cells after protoplast synthesis.
It is useful for propagating seed-producing plants. At low cost, either when the plants are sterile and do not produce live seed or where the seed cannot be stored.
Micropropagation usually produces strong plants. Which leads to faster growth compared to the same plants produced. By conventional methods - such as seed or pruning.
Disadvantages
Micropropagation is not always the perfect way to grow plants. Conditions that limit its use include: Employees may make up 50% -69% of operating costs. Monoculture is produced after micropropagation.
Leading to a complete lack of disease resistance, as all growing plants may be at risk of the same diseases. An infected plant sample can produce infected offspring. This is not uncommon as livestock plants are inspected. And tested to prevent the planting of infected or fungal plants.
Not all plants can grow tissue, usually. Because the exact location of the plant is unknown. The plants produce secondary metabolic chemicals that paralyze or kill the tumor. Sometimes plants or plants are not perfect for typing after tissue growth.
This usually depends on the type of plant used in the early period or the result of the age of the cell or propagule line. Some plants are difficult to disinfect fungi. A major limitation in the micropropagation use of many plants is production costs.
In many plants, the use of seeds is. Which are generally disease-free and of good value. Produces plants in good numbers at a low cost. For this reason, many horticulturalists. Do not use micropropagation because the costs are high.
Some farmers use it to produce livestock crops that are used to reproduce seeds. Using process equipment can reduce labor costs. But it seems difficult to achieve, despite effective efforts to improve technological solutions.
