Sterilization
Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or closes all forms of life and other organisms such as prions present in a particular area. place, substance, or liquid, for example, food or cultural biological media.
Contraception can be done in a variety of ways, including heat, chemicals, radiation, high pressure, and filtration. Contraception is different from disinfection, sanitation, and disinfection, because those methods reduce rather than eliminate all forms of life and biological agents. After sterilization, the substance is called sterile or aseptic.
Types of Sterilization-
Physical Sterilization
Steam
The most widely used method of sterilization is autoclave heat, sometimes called converter or disinfectant. Autoclaves use steam heated to 121–134 ° C (250–273 ° F) under pressure. To achieve infertility, the article is placed in a room and heated with injectable steam until the article reaches the temperature and time of suspension.
Almost all air is removed from the chamber, because air is not required in the process of sterilizing wet heat. The article is stored in a temperature setting for a period that varies depending on what biological load is present on the closed captioning and its resistance (value D) to steam-free sterilization.
The normal cycle can be anywhere between 3 and 15 minutes, at 121 ° C (250 ° F) at 100 kPa (15 psi), which is sufficient to provide a 10-point interest. −4 with a product with 106 organic loads and a D minute value of 2.0 minutes. After sterilization, the liquid in the pressurized autoclave should be slightly cooled to avoid boiling when the pressure is released. This can be achieved by gradually squeezing the sterilization chamber and allowing the liquid to evaporate under the wrong while cooling the contents.
Proper treatment of autoclave will shut down all bacteria-resistant strains of fungi, bacteria, and bacteria, but it is not expected to eliminate all prions, which differ in their resistance. To eliminate prion, various recommendations are 121-132 ° C (250-270 ° F) for 60 minutes or 134 ° C (w ° F) for at least 18 minutes.
The 263K scrapie prion was deactivated immediately due to such sterilization procedures; however, other forms of scrapie, as well as strains of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CKD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are highly resistant. Using mice as experimental animals, one study showed that burning good BSE brain tissue at 134-138 ° C (273-280 ° F) for 18 minutes only resulted in a 2.5-fold decrease in prion resistance.
Many autoclaves have meters and charts that record or display information, especially temperature and pressure as a time function. The information is checked to ensure that the required contraceptive conditions are met. Reference tape is usually placed on product packages before autoclaving, and some packaging includes labels. The identifier changes color when exposed to steam, providing a visual guarantee.
Bioindicators can also be used to independently verify autoclave function. Simple bioindicator devices are commercially available, based on small letters. Most contain microbe-resistant microbe grains Geobacillus (formerly known as Bacillus ), which is resistant to steam shutdown.
Biological indicators may be glass containers for bullets and liquid sources, or bullets for paper strips inside glass envelopes. These indicators are located in areas where the system is difficult to access to ensure that the system is accessible.
Cleaning autoclaving is important. Extraneous biological matter or grime may protect organisms from invasion. Proper cleansing can be achieved by physical rubbing, sonication, ultrasound, or strong air.
Cooking and canning are similar to making it, and when done properly it provides nutritious food. Wet heat destroys microorganisms by denaturation of macromolecules, mainly proteins. This method is a faster process than dry sterilization.
To sterilize waste disposal, especially those made up of liquids, a purpose-designed waste disposal system can be used. These devices can operate using a variety of antibiotics, although the use of steam heat is more common.
Dry heat
The dry heat was the first method of sterilization and is a longer process than wet heating. The destruction of microorganisms by dry heat is a gradual process. With prolonged exposure to lethal temperatures, the number of killed microorganisms increases.
Compulsory ventilation of hot air can be used to increase the heat transfer to an organism and to reduce the temperature and time required to achieve infertility. At higher temperatures, shorter exposure times are needed to kill organisms. This can reduce the damage caused by heat to food products.
Typical setting in a hot air oven for at least two hours at 160 ° C (320 ° F). The fastest method heats the air to 190 ° C (374 ° F) for 6 minutes on uncooked items and 12 minutes for folded items. Dry heat has the advantage that it can be used in powders and other heat exchangers that adversely affect steam.
Flaming
Burns are performed on injectable loops and wires directly on microbiology labs to the sequence. Leaving a bun on a Bunsen burner or a liquor burner until it turns red ensures that any infectious agent is deactivated.
This is usually used for small items of metal or glass, but not for large items. However, during the initial heating, infectious substances can be sprayed on the fenced area before they are killed, contaminating the surrounding areas.
Therefore, special heaters have been developed around the inoculating loop with a hot cage, which ensures that such spray material does not contaminate the environment. Another problem is that flames can ignite carbon or other residues in an object if the object is not hot enough.
The difference in flame immersion is a concentrated solution of 70% or more ethanol, and then briefly touches the Bunsen flame object. Ethanol will burn and burn faster, leaving smaller residues than gas flames.
Incineration
Burning is a waste treatment process that involves the burning of organic matter contained in the waste. This process also burns any living thing into ashes. It is used to sterilize medicinal and other organisms before disposing of hazardous waste. Bacteria burners are small centers that heat and kill any microorganisms that may be injectable or by wire.
Tyndallization
Named after John Tyndall, Tyndallization is a non-invasive and long-term procedure designed to reduce the level of activity of deadly bacteria left in the simple solution of boiling water.
The procedure involves boiling for some time in atmospheric pressure, cooling, incubating throughout the day, and repeating the total process three to four times.
Incubation periods allow heat-resistant grains to germinate in the past to germinate to form a heat-resistant vegetable, which can be killed by the next step of boiling. This works well because many spores are encouraged to grow due to the high temperature.
The process only works on media that can support bacterial growth, and will not kill unhealthy substrates like water. Tyndallization also does not work against prions.
Glass bead sterilizers
Glass bead antibiotics work by heating glass beads up to 250 ° C. The metal is then quickly poured into the glass beads, which heat the object while rubbing the dirt on their surface.
Glass bead germs have been a common method of sterilization used in dental offices and biological laboratories, not been by the US Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to be used as an antiseptic since. 1997.
They are still in European and Israeli dental practices, although there are no current evidence-based guidelines for using this antibiotic.
Chemical Sterilization
Chemicals are also used to sterilize. Heating provides a reliable way to remove all contaminants, but it is not always right when it will damage heat-sensitive materials such as organisms, fiber optics, electronics, and many plastics. In these cases chemicals, either gas or liquid, can be used as disinfectants.
Although the use of gas and non-liquid chemical pesticides avoids heat damage, users should ensure that the sterilized article is chemically compatible with the disinfectant used and that the disinfectant can reach all areas that must be disinfected.
In addition, the use of chemical pesticides poses new job safety challenges, as the structures that make chemicals effective pesticides often make them dangerous to humans. The process of extracting disinfectants from the disinfectant varies depending on the chemical and the process used.
Ethylene oxide
Treatment of ethylene oxide gas is one of the most common methods of sterilization, cleansing, or disinfection due to its wide range of compounds. It is also used to process sensitive matter in other ways, such as radiation, heat, or other chemicals. Ethylene oxide treatment is the most common form of chemotherapy, using about 70% of total contraceptives, and more than 50% of all disposable medical devices.
Ethylene oxide treatment is usually performed between 30 and 60 ° C with a relative humidity of more than 30% and a concentration of gas between 200 and 800 mg / l. Usually, the process takes a few hours. Ethylene oxide is highly effective, as it penetrates all pores, and can also penetrate other plastics and films. Ethylene oxide kills all known microorganisms, such as germs, bacteria, and fungi, and it is compatible with almost all active ingredients, even when used repeatedly.
It is flammable, toxic, and carcinogenic; however, with only the reported strength of adverse health effects if not used by published requirements. Ethylene oxide antibiotics and processes require biological confirmation after the application of antibiotics, significant modifications, or process modifications.The traditional process consists of the initial stage, the processing phase, and the ventilation phase for extraction. EO residues and sub-products such as ethylene chlorohydrin and, to a lesser extent, ethylene glycol .
Another process, known as one-on-one processing, is also present in other products where all three stages are performed in a vacuum or vessel with a pressure gauge. This last option can simplify the whole processing time faster and waste disposal.
For the benefit of the economy of scale, EO has been traditionally distributed by filling a large chamber with a mixture of EO gas or as pure EO, or other gases used as purifiers; diluents include chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and carbon dioxide.
With EO exploding at concentrations above 3%, EO was typically supplied with an inactive network company gas, such as CFC or HCFC. The use of CFCs or HCFCs as a means of transporting humans was banned due to concerns about ozone depletion.
These halogenated hydrocarbons are being replaced by systems that use 100% EO, due to the regulations and the high cost of integration. In hospitals, many EO disinfectants use single-compliant cartridges because they are simpler and easier to use compared to gas cylinders with front-mounted EO compounds.
It is important to adhere to patient staff and government-mandated health care limits on EO residues and/or products to be processed, operator exposure after processing, during storage and management of EO gas cylinders, and environmental emissions generated using EO.
The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 1 ppm - calculated as the average eight-hour time - and 5 ppm as a 15-minute travel limit. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's emergency medical emergency EO limit is 800 ppm. The odor limit is around 500 ppm, so the EO is not visible until the concentration is above the OSHA PEL. Therefore, OSHA recommends that continuous gas monitoring systems be used to protect employees using EOs for processing.
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas is a fast and effective disinfectant for use against a wide range of germs, including common germs, bacteria, and bacteria. The unique NO2 gas material allows for sterile dispersion in a confined space at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
The killing mechanism is the degradation of DNA in the spore core by the depletion of the phosphate-based nitrate, which kills the exposed organism as it absorbs NO2. This decrease occurs even at very low gas levels. NO2 has a boiling point of 21 ° C at sea level, resulting in the most complete vapor pressure at ambient temperature. Because of this, NO2 fluid can be used as a good source of sterile gas. Liquid NO2 is often named after its dimer, dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4).
In addition, low concentration levels are required, coupled with high air pressure, to ensure that no contraction occurs in sterilized machines. This means that no ventilation of the devices is required immediately after the sterilization cycle. NO2 is also less corrosive than other toxic gases, and is compatible with many therapeutic agents and adhesives.
The most resistant (MRO) sterilization with NO2 gas is the spore of Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which is the same MRO in both steam and hydrogen peroxide. Spore form G. stearothermophilus has been well documented over the years as a biological indicator of contraceptive use. G microbial dysfunction.
NO2 gas-containing stearothermophilus progresses rapidly in a log-linear manner, as is common in other sterilization procedures. Noxilizer, Inc. traded this technology to provide contraceptive service to medical equipment in its Baltimore, Maryland (U.S.) area. This has been demonstrated in the Noxilizer lab in many studies and is supported by published reports from other labs.
These same structures also allow for the rapid removal of toxic gases and residues by ventilating the enclosure. The combination of rapid killing and easy removal of gas allows shorter cycle times during the sterilization process and lower levels of lethal residues than those obtained by other sterilization methods.
Eniware, LLC has developed a portable, energy-efficient, a non-electric, non-electric, or water-free antibiotic. The 25-liter unit makes surgical sterilization of surgical instruments possible in emergency surgical teams, in global health facilities with limited or no electricity, and in emergencies and emergencies. The four-hour cycle uses a gas generation ampoule and a disposable sieve to release nitrogen dioxide gas.
